调节性T细胞regulatory T cellsTreg是一类具有较低增殖能力能够抑制免疫反应的细胞群在免疫病理、移植物耐受、阻止自身免疫反应和维持机体免疫平衡方面发挥重要的作用。在体外中研究发现Treg细胞可以通过初始T细胞活化同时受到抗CD3抗体、抗CD28抗体、IL-2、TGF-β和IL-10等共刺激信号的刺激诱导产生。这样产生的Treg细胞称为iTreg它能够表达Treg的表面标志CD25

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of cells that have low proliferative capacity and are able to suppress immune responses, playing important roles in immunopathology, transplant tolerance, prevention of autoimmune reactions, and maintenance of immune homeostasis. In vitro studies have shown that Tregs can be induced by stimulation with initial T cell activation, as well as co-stimulatory signals such as anti-CD3 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-2, TGF-β, and IL-10. These induced Tregs, called iTregs, are able to express the surface marker CD25 and the transcription factor Foxp3. Tregs can be broadly classified into two types based on their origins: natural Tregs (nTregs) derived from thymic differentiation, and induced Tregs (iTregs) derived from the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells after antigen stimulation.

Naïve CD4+ T cells, when first introduced, are still immature and require activation through dual signaling (anti-CD3 and anti-CD28) to become mature CD4+ CD25+ T cells that are full of vitality and curiosity. These cells can undergo exponential proliferation (1 becomes 2, 2 becomes 4, 4 becomes 8, etc.), and this proliferation process requires the help of the cytokine IL-2. Finally, the expression of Foxp3 is the key step for CD4+ CD25+ T cells to become Tregs, and TGF-β1 is the "big boss" that drives this miraculous transformation