Figure 1a shows the schematic structure of the proposed hybrid BP-TFLN waveguide PD which consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer MZI structure and two grating couplers for light input and output Th

The proposed hybrid BP-TFLN waveguide PD (photodetector) is depicted in Figure 1(a) and comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure and two grating couplers for light input and output. This configuration facilitates the accurate quantification of the hybrid waveguide's absorption.