Enhanced Explanation of Cascading Failure Model Construction

Drawing upon the findings presented in [16], the cascading failure (CF) model is constructed, incorporating three key aspects: 1) Load shedding and generator tripping: In practical power systems, when an imbalance arises between supply and demand, the dispatching center seeks to restore equilibrium through measures such as shedding or tripping [1]. This process is frequently dynamically regulated. Specifically, if the loading level surpasses the norm, certain districts' load will be curtailed based on supply priorities. Conversely, if power generation exceeds requirements, select units will be deliberately tripped based on cost and efficiency considerations.