Martin Luther Against War with the Turks: A Critique of the Roman Curia and a Call for Spiritual Renewal

a) One historical development illustrated by the passage is the ongoing conflict between the Turks and the Christian states during the early 16th century. This conflict was a major concern for many European powers, including the German states. The passage showcases the anxieties and debates surrounding this conflict in the early 16th century, particularly within the context of the emerging Reformation movement.

b) Luther argues against the idea of waging war against the Turks. He believes that even if the war is undertaken for pious reasons, it is foolish to fight in foreign lands while spiritual battles are being lost at home. He also criticizes the Roman Curia, which he sees as more tyrannical than the Turks. Luther suggests that God is fighting against them and that they must first win spiritual battles through 'tears, pure prayers, and holy faith' before considering engaging in physical warfare.

c) Luther's purpose in making this argument is to discourage the German states from participating in a war against the Turks. He believes that their focus should be on spiritual matters and strengthening their faith rather than engaging in military conflicts. Luther also criticizes the corruption within the Roman Curia, which he sees as a hindrance to true spiritual warfare. By highlighting these points, Luther aims to shift the attention and efforts of the German states towards internal reform and spiritual renewal.