Confounding and Reverse Causality in Observational Studies of Non-Cicatricial Alopecia: Implications for Mendelian Randomization

In the observational study, the determination of the etiology was constrained by confounding and reverse causality, thus impeding the identification of whether various characteristics were the cause or the consequence of non-cicatricial alopecia. The utilization of genetic prediction in Mendelian randomization (MR) relies on evaluating the influence of exposure levels and risks on the outcomes.