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The first chapter of this thesis introduces national technology-targeting programs and covers mission agencies, innovation patterns, historical background, generic technology, and the contrast between the East and the West. Chapters 2-5 elaborate on strategic issues, including U.S. spin-off experiences, national champion strategies, government-sponsored collaborative R&D, and an East-West comparison. The thesis aims to propose national strategies for technology-targeting programs by studying the generation, diffusion, and application of critical technologies from the perspective of national governments in industrialized countries. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis by summarizing its main findings and proposing theoretical paradigms for technology policies. The researcher worked with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to gather information from organizations and scholars in Europe.