High-Performance Graphene-Based Optical Modulator with Ultra-Low Insertion Loss and Wide Spectral Range

The integration of graphene as an absorption medium within optical modulators has yielded significant advancements, achieving an exceptionally low insertion loss of 0.1 dB/μm. This remarkable performance is coupled with a broad modulation spectral range extending from 1.35 to 1.60 μm, enabling versatile applications across various optical communication bands. Furthermore, the modulator exhibits an impressive modulation speed of approximately 1 GHz, as evidenced by Fig. 5.8(c), while requiring a remarkably small active area of only 25 m2. These exceptional characteristics underscore the immense potential of graphene-based modulators for applications demanding both high performance and compact size, particularly in the realm of optical communication systems and integrated photonics.