Graphene-Based Modulator Achieving Wide Spectral Range and High Speed with Low Loss

The use of graphene as an absorption medium in modulators has shown promising results, achieving a modulation spectral range of 1.35-1.60 μm with a low propagation loss of 0.1 dB/μm. The modulator requires only a compact active area of 25 m2. Additionally, the modulation speed of this modulator is estimated to be approximately 1 GHz, as depicted in Figure 5.8(c). These findings demonstrate the potential application of graphene in modulator technology.