《老人与海》作者理论依据及参考文献：男性气概、自然主义、生存主义、象征主义

理论依据：男性气概理论 参考文献：Ernest Hemingway, 'The Code Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway,' in A Farewell to Arms: The Hemingway Library Edition, ed. Seán Hemingway (New York: Scribner, 2012), 341-351.

理论依据：自然主义文学理论 参考文献：Stephen Tatum, 'The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man,' in Hemingway's Theaters of Masculinity, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999, 65-89.

理论依据：生存主义文学理论 参考文献：William Adair, 'The Old Man and the Sea: A Study in Heroic Isolation,' in Ernest Hemingway: The Man and His Work, ed. John K. M. McCaffery, Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1964, 139-153.

理论依据：象征主义文学理论 参考文献：Gladys V. Veidemanis, 'The Old Man and the Sea: An Interpretation,' in Hemingway’s Neglected Short Fiction: New Perspectives, ed. Susan F. Beegel, Frederick J. Svoboda, and Wesley Raabe, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989, 173-184.