AES Algorithm: State Block and S-Box Transformation Explained

The size of the State block is 4x4, which means there are 16 bytes in total.

To apply the AES S-box transformation, we need to substitute each byte in the State block with a new byte from the S-box. The S-box is a 16x16 lookup table that maps each possible byte value (from 0x00 to 0xFF) to a new byte value.

To find the new State after applying the AES S-box transformation, we need to apply the S-box to each byte in the State block. For example, the first byte in the State block is D1. Looking up D1 in the S-box, we find the corresponding byte value to be 0x9F. Therefore, the first byte in the new State block is 0x9F. We repeat this process for each byte in the State block to get the following new State:

New State: 9F 6B D3 A3; E6 7D 3C 1B; 1A 1B 1B 9A; A4 7D 0B 6B.

Note that the byte values in the new State are represented in hexadecimal notation.