Tumor-Associated Glycan Alterations: A Comprehensive Overview

Tumor-associated changes in glycans are notable for their increased branching of N-glycans, higher density of O-glycans, and production of truncated versions of normal counterparts (Tn, sTn, and T antigens). Additionally, unusual forms of terminal structures containing sialic acid and fucose (sLea and sLex epitopes) are generated due to the genetic and epigenetic desregulation of glycogenes and the tumor microenvironment.