OpenCV 特征点匹配：Harris 角点检测和归一化互相关匹配

本代码使用 OpenCV 库实现图像特征点匹配，包含 Harris 角点检测、描述符提取和归一化互相关匹配等步骤，并绘制匹配结果。

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

img1 = cv2.imread('1.png')
img2 = cv2.imread('4.png')

gray1 = cv2.cvtColor(img1, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray1 = np.float32(gray1)
dst1 = cv2.cornerHarris(gray1, 2, 3, 0.04)
img1[dst1 > 0.01 * dst1.max()] = [0, 0, 255]

gray2 = cv2.cvtColor(img2, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray2 = np.float32(gray2)
dst2 = cv2.cornerHarris(gray2, 2, 23, 0.04)
img2[dst2 > 0.01 * dst2.max()] = [0, 0, 255]

# 从一幅Harris响应图像中返回角点，min_dist为分割角点和图像边界的最少像素数目
def get_harris_points(harrisim, min_dist=10, threshold=0.1):
    # 寻找高于阈值的候选角点
    corner_threshold = harrisim.max() * threshold
    harrisim_t = (harrisim > corner_threshold) * 1
    # 得到候选点的坐标
    coords = np.array(harrisim_t.nonzero()).T
    # 以及它们的 Harris 响应值
    candidate_values = [harrisim[c[0], c[1]] for c in coords]
    # 对候选点按照 Harris 响应值进行排序
    index = np.argsort(candidate_values)[::-1]
    # 将可行点的位置保存到数组中
    allowed_locations = np.zeros(harrisim.shape)
    allowed_locations[min_dist:-min_dist, min_dist:-min_dist] = 1
    # 按照 min_distance 原则，选择最佳 Harris 点
    filtered_coords = []
    for i in index:
        if allowed_locations[coords[i, 0], coords[i, 1]] == 1:
            filtered_coords.append(coords[i])
            allowed_locations[(coords[i, 0] - min_dist):(coords[i, 0] + min_dist), (coords[i, 1] - min_dist):(coords[i, 1] + min_dist)] = 0
    return filtered_coords

# 对于每个返回的点，返回点周围2*wid+1个像素的值（假设选取点的min_distance > wid）
def get_descriptors(image, filtered_coords, wid=5):
    desc = []
    for coords in filtered_coords:
        patch = image[coords[0] - wid:coords[0] + wid + 1, coords[1] - wid:coords[1] + wid + 1].flatten()
        desc.append(patch)
    return desc

# 对于第一幅图像中的每个角点描述子，使用归一化互相关，选取它在第二幅图像中的匹配角点
def match(desc1, desc2, threshold=0.5):
    n = len(desc1[0])
    # 点对的距离
    d = -np.ones((len(desc1), len(desc2)))
    for i in range(len(desc1)):
        for j in range(len(desc2)):
            d1 = (desc1[i] - np.mean(desc1[i])) / np.std(desc1[i])
            d2 = (desc2[j] - np.mean(desc2[j])) / np.std(desc2[j])
            ncc_value = sum(d1 * d2) / (n - 1)
            if ncc_value > threshold:
                d[i, j] = ncc_value
    ndx = np.argsort(-d)   # 从大0到小排序
    matchscores = ndx[:, 0]   # 最大一个数的位置坐标
    return matchscores

# 两边对称版本的match（）
def match_twosided(desc1, desc2, threshold=0.5):
    matches_12 = match(desc1, desc2, threshold)
    matches_21 = match(desc2, desc1, threshold)
    ndx_12 = np.where(matches_12 >= 0)[0]
    # 去除非对称的匹配
    for n in ndx_12:
        if matches_21[matches_12[n]] != n:
            matches_12[n] = -1
    return matches_12


# 返回将两幅图像并排拼接成的一幅新图像
def appendimages(im1, im2):
    row1 = im1.shape[0]
    row2 = im2.shape[0]
    if row1 < row2:
        im1 = np.concatenate((im1, np.zeros((row2 - row1, im1.shape[1], im1.shape[2]))), axis=0)
    elif row1 > row2:
        im2 = np.concatenate((im2, np.zeros((row1 - row2, im2.shape[1], im2.shape[2]))), axis=0)
    return np.concatenate((im1, im2), axis=1)


# 显示一幅带有连接匹配之间连线的图片
# 输入：im1，im2（数组图像），locs1，locs2（特征位置），matchscores（match的输出），
def plot_matches(im1, im2, locs1, locs2, matchscores):
    im3 = appendimages(im1, im2)
    plt.imshow(im3)
    cols1 = im1.shape[1]
    for i, m in enumerate(matchscores):
        if m > 0:
            plt.plot([locs1[i][1], locs2[m][1] + cols1], [locs1[i][0], locs2[m][0]], 'c')
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

#cv2.imshow('corners-1',img1)
#cv2.imshow('corners-2',img2)
#cv2.waitKey(0)
#cv2.destroyAllWindows()
wid = 9   # 比较像素点数目
filtered_coords1 = get_harris_points(dst1, wid + 1, 0.1)   # 图1大于阈值的坐标
filtered_coords2 = get_harris_points(dst2, wid + 1, 0.1)   # 图2大于阈值的坐标
d1 = get_descriptors(img1, filtered_coords1, wid)
d2 = get_descriptors(img2, filtered_coords2, wid)
matches = match_twosided(d1, d2, 0.8)                 # 图1的阈值点与图二哪个阈值点相关度最高，输出与图一相关性最大点的坐标
plt.figure(figsize=(30, 20));
plot_matches(img1, img2, filtered_coords1, filtered_coords2, matches)
cv2.waitKey()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

如果代码运行出来不正确显示原图像，可能是因为图片路径不正确，或者图片格式不支持。请检查图片路径是否正确，以及图片格式是否为常用格式（如jpg、png等）。同时，也可以尝试修改代码中的参数，如阈值、像素点数目等，以获得更好的匹配效果。