要求解$\displaystyle\int\sqrt{1+\cos x},\mathrm{d}x$,我们需要利用三角恒等式。

首先,我们可以将$\cos x$用$\sin x$表示:$\cos x=1-\sin^2x$。将其代入原式,得到:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\sqrt{1+\cos x},\mathrm{d}x&=\int\sqrt{1+1-\sin^2x},\mathrm{d}x\&=\int\sqrt{2-\sin^2x},\mathrm{d}x\end{aligned}$$

接下来,我们可以使用三角代换。令$t=\sin x$,则$\mathrm{d}t=\cos x,\mathrm{d}x$,于是:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\sqrt{2-\sin^2x},\mathrm{d}x&=\int\sqrt{2-t^2},\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{\cos x}\&=\int\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}}{\sqrt{1-t^2}},\mathrm{d}t\end{aligned}$$

这里我们用到了$\cos x=\sqrt{1-\sin^2x}=\sqrt{1-t^2}$。

现在我们需要进行一些代数变换。令$u=\sqrt{2-t^2}$,则$\mathrm{d}u=-\dfrac{t}{\sqrt{2-t^2}},\mathrm{d}t$,于是:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}}{\sqrt{1-t^2}},\mathrm{d}t&=-\int\frac{u^2-2}{t},\mathrm{d}u\&=-\int\frac{u^2}{t},\mathrm{d}u+2\int\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{t}\end{aligned}$$

接下来我们需要分别解决这两个积分。对于第一个积分,我们可以将分母中的$t$用$u$表示,并将$u^2$展开:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\frac{u^2}{t},\mathrm{d}u&=-\int\frac{u^2}{\sqrt{2-t^2}},\frac{t}{u},\mathrm{d}t\&=-\int u\sqrt{2-t^2},\mathrm{d}t\&=-\frac{1}{2}\int u^2,\mathrm{d}(\sqrt{2-t^2})\&=-\frac{1}{2}\left(u^2\sqrt{2-t^2}-\int\sqrt{2-t^2},\mathrm{d}u^2\right)\&=-\frac{1}{2}\left(u^2\sqrt{2-t^2}-\frac{u^3}{3}\right)\end{aligned}$$

对于第二个积分,我们可以继续使用三角代换。令$z=\arcsin t$,则$\mathrm{d}z=\dfrac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}$,于是:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{t}&=\int\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\sqrt{2-t^2}}\&=\int\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{t^2}{2}}}\&=\int\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\sqrt{2}\cos\theta}\&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int\sec\theta,\mathrm{d}\theta\&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln|\sec\theta+\tan\theta|\&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}+\sqrt{2}}{t}\right|\end{aligned}$$

回到原式,将上述结果代入得:

$$ \begin{aligned}\int\sqrt{1+\cos x},\mathrm{d}x&=-\frac{1}{2}\left(u^2\sqrt{2-t^2}-\frac{u^3}{3}\right)+2\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}+\sqrt{2}}{t}\right|\&=-\frac{1}{2}(2-t^2)-\frac{1}{6}(2-t^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}+2\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}+\sqrt{2}}{t}\right|\&=-t^2-\frac{1}{6}(2-t^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}+2\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{2-t^2}+\sqrt{2}}{t}\right|+C\end{aligned}$$

将$t=\sin x$代入得:

$$ \int\sqrt{1+\cos x},\mathrm{d}x=-\sin^2x-\frac{1}{6}(1-\sin^2x)^{\frac{3}{2}}+2\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{1-\sin^2x}+\sqrt{2}}{\sin x}\right|+C$$

综上所述,$\displaystyle\int\sqrt{1+\cos x},\mathrm{d}x=-\sin^2x-\frac{1}{6}(1-\sin^2x)^{\frac{3}{2}}+2\cdot\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{1-\sin^2x}+\sqrt{2}}{\sin x}\right|+C$。

如何求解根号下1+cosx的积分?详细步骤解析

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