Imidacloprid Exposure Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Energy Depletion in Bee Larvae

Given the insufficient energy production observed in the larvae, a subsequent depletion of energy reserves is highly probable. This hypothesis is confirmed through further analysis, which demonstrates a significant reduction in glycogen and protein energy reserves within the larvae exposed to imidacloprid (Figure 6H and 6I). This finding aligns with previous studies reporting that exposure to various pesticides, including endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, insecticides, and fipronil, can lead to diminished energy reserves in a range of organisms (Bouayad et al., 2012; Dutra et al., 2009; Radwan et al., 2008; Rambabu and Rao, 1994; Ribeiro et al., 2001). In conclusion, our research suggests that imidacloprid induces mitochondrial dysfunction in bee larvae, negatively impacting both energy production and storage.