根据动态规划原理,我们可以倒推求解保险公司的值函数表达式。假设在时刻't',保险公司的财富为'w_t',则其值函数可以表示为:

$$\V_t(w_t) = \max_{\hat{\pi}_t,\hat{q}_t} E_t[U(w_T)]$$

其中,'E_t[\cdot]'表示在't'时刻下的条件期望,'$\hat{\pi}_t$'和'$\hat{q}_t$'分别表示't'时刻的投资策略和再保险策略。

由于保险公司的指数效用函数是凸函数,因此可以使用最优化理论中的一阶条件和二阶条件来求解最优策略。具体来说,我们可以通过求解最优策略的一阶导数和二阶导数来判断是否达到最优解。

首先,我们对'E_t[U(w_T)]'进行展开:

$$\E_t[U(w_T)] = \E_t[K-D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_T}] = K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_t)}]$$

其中,'E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_t)}]'表示在't'时刻下的条件期望,可以通过贝尔曼方程来求解。具体来说,我们可以将't'时刻的值函数表示为:

$$\V_t(w_t) = \max_{\hat{\pi}_t,\hat{q}t} E_t[U(w_T)] = \max{\hat{\pi}_t,\hat{q}_t} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_t)}]\right}$$

然后,我们可以将't+1'时刻的值函数表示为:

$$\V_{t+1}(w_{t+1}) = \max_{\hat{\pi}{t+1},\hat{q}{t+1}} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]\right}$$

接下来,我们可以将't'时刻的值函数表示为:

$$\V_t(w_t) = \max_{\hat{\pi}_t,\hat{q}_t} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_t)}]\right}$$

$$= \max_{\hat{\pi}t,\hat{q}t} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w{t+1}-w_t)}]\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]\right}$$

$$= \max_{\hat{\pi}t,\hat{q}t} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\E_t[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w{t+1}-w_t)}]\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]\right}$$

$$= \max_{\hat{\pi}t,\hat{q}t} \left{K - D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]\right}$$

其中,'$\hat{\pi}_t$'和'$\hat{q}_t$'分别表示't'时刻的投资策略和再保险策略。

接下来,我们对上式进行求导,以求得最优策略。首先,对'$\hat{\pi}_t$'求导,得到:

$$\frac{\partial V_t}{\partial \hat{\pi}t} = \frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}(w_{t+1}-w_t)}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

然后,对'$\hat{q}_t$'求导,得到:

$$\frac{\partial V_t}{\partial \hat{q}t} = \frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\theta_t\alpha_t(w_{t+1}-w_t)}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

接下来,我们对'$\hat{\pi}_t$'和'$\hat{q}_t$'分别求二阶导数,以判断最优策略是否达到极值。具体来说,我们需要判断二阶导数是否小于零,即:

$$\frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{\pi}_t^2} < 0 \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{q}_t^2} < 0$$

经过计算,可以得到:

$$\frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{\pi}t^2} = -\frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}(w_{t+1}-w_t)^2}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

$$\frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{q}t^2} = -\frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\theta_t^2\alpha_t^2(w_{t+1}-w_t)^2}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^4}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

由于指数函数是单调递增的,因此可以将二阶导数的分母和条件期望移至分子中,得到:

$$\frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{\pi}t^2} = -D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}(w_{t+1}-w_t)^2\frac{\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2\exp\left{\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}} < 0$$

$$\frac{\partial^2 V_t}{\partial \hat{q}t^2} = -D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w{t+1}}\theta_t^2\alpha_t^2(w_{t+1}-w_t)^2\frac{\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^4\exp\left{\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}} < 0$$

由于上述二阶导数均小于零,因此最优策略可以通过一阶导数来判断。具体来说,我们需要求解一阶导数等于零的最优策略,即:

$$\frac{\partial V_t}{\partial \hat{\pi}_t} = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{\partial V_t}{\partial \hat{q}_t} = 0$$

将上述一阶导数表达式代入上述等式中,可以得到:

$$\frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}(w_{t+1}-w_t)}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] = 0$$

$$\frac{D\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\theta_t\alpha_t(w_{t+1}-w_t)}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}\exp\left{-\gamma\left[\mu_t-\frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)-\frac{\theta_t \alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \beta_t^2}(w_{t+1}-w_t)\right]\right}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] = 0$$

由于指数函数是单调递增的,因此可以将条件期望移至分子中,得到:

$$(w_{t+1}-w_t)\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] = \frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \sigma_t^2}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] + \frac{\theta_t\alpha_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \beta_t^2}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

$$\theta_t\alpha_t(w_{t+1}-w_t)\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] = \frac{\mu_t-r_t}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \sigma_t^2}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}] + \frac{\theta_t^2\alpha_t^2}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \beta_t^4}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_t}\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma w_{t+1}}\E_{t+1}[\mathrm{e}^{-\gamma(w_T-w_{t+1})}]$$

将上述等式联立,可以解得最优策略:

$$w_{t+1} = \frac{\mu_t-r_t+\theta_t\alpha_t\beta_t^2/\sigma_t^2}{2}\pm\sqrt{\left(\frac{\mu_t-r_t+\theta_t\alpha_t\beta_t^2/\sigma_t^2}{2}\right)^2+\frac{\theta_t^2\alpha_t^2\beta_t^2}{\sigma_t^2}}$$

由于指数函数是单调递增的,因此可以将条件期望移至分子中,得到:

$$\hat{\pi}t = \frac{\mu_t-r_t+\theta_t\alpha_t\beta_t^2/\sigma_t^2-w{t+1}}{\prod_{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma \sigma_t^2} \quad \text{and} \quad \hat{q}t = \frac{\theta_t\alpha_t}{\prod{i=t+1}^{T-1} r_i \gamma

保险公司动态规划值函数推导:投资和再保险策略

原文地址: https://www.cveoy.top/t/topic/jKdB 著作权归作者所有。请勿转载和采集!

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