1 For the Principles of Operant Conditioningboth timing and schedule matters 【10 points Minimum words 120】a List four schedules of reinforcement 2 pointsb Explain them respectively 4 pointsc Give one

(a) Four schedules of reinforcement are:

1. Fixed Ratio (FR)
2. Variable Ratio (VR)
3. Fixed Interval (FI)
4. Variable Interval (VI)

(b) Explanation of each schedule:

1. Fixed Ratio (FR): In this schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses. For example, a rat may receive a food pellet after every 5 lever presses.
2. Variable Ratio (VR): In this schedule, reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses. The number of responses required for reinforcement changes unpredictably. For example, a slot machine providing rewards after an average of every 10 pulls.
3. Fixed Interval (FI): In this schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. For example, an employee receiving a paycheck every two weeks.
4. Variable Interval (VI): In this schedule, reinforcement is provided after a variable amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. The time interval between reinforcements changes unpredictably. For example, checking emails and receiving responses at random intervals throughout the day.

(c) Examples for each schedule:

1. Fixed Ratio (FR): A salesperson receiving a bonus for every 10 products sold.
2. Variable Ratio (VR): A gambler winning money on a slot machine after an average of every 20 pulls.
3. Fixed Interval (FI): A student receiving a grade on a test every two weeks.
4. Variable Interval (VI): A person checking their phone for new notifications throughout the day and receiving messages at random intervals