translate into formal English第一 自2014年以来数字贸易壁垒的设置呈现出明显增加的趋势结合经济发展水平分析由发展中国家实施的贸易限制性措施明显多于发达国家。在细分领域上来看基础设施与电子交易领域中的数字贸易壁垒指数平均值最高。第二 借助实证研究结果对数字贸易壁垒给数字服务出口贸易所带来的多种贸易效应进行深入分析。结果表明：考虑单独的贸易效应时数字贸易壁垒的实施对于数

First, since 2014, there has been a clear increase in the establishment of digital trade barriers. When analyzing the level of economic development, it is evident that developing countries have implemented more trade restrictive measures compared to developed countries. In terms of specific sectors, the average index of digital trade barriers is highest in the fields of infrastructure and electronic transactions.

Second, through empirical research, a thorough analysis is conducted on the various trade effects that digital trade barriers have on digital service exports. The results indicate that when considering individual trade effects, the implementation of digital trade barriers significantly inhibits digital service trade, while the signing of RTAs (Regional Trade Agreements) between trading partners promotes service trade exports. Additionally, the behavior of trading partner countries within the same group to some extent restricts trade exports. Taking into account multiple trade effects, it is found that the impact of trade inhibition effects is most significant, and the signing of RTAs partially mitigates the trade inhibition effects, while trade clustering effects strengthen the trade inhibition effects.

Third, an analysis of industry heterogeneity shows that the trade effects brought about by digital trade barriers vary among different economies and service sectors. By examining specific sectors, it is observed that the inhibition effects of digital trade barriers are most pronounced in the "financial services" and "telecommunications, computer, and information services" sectors, while the inhibition effects are weakest in the "personal, cultural, and entertainment services" sector. The impact of RTAs on trade exports also varies across sectors, with the most significant promotion effect observed in the financial services sector and unclear effects in the insurance, personal entertainment, and telecommunications sectors. The behavior of trading partners within the same group also differs across sectors, except for the personal entertainment sector, where it exhibits a weaker negative clustering effect. In other business service sectors, the promotion effect of clustering is most pronounced