解释External validity、Back translationInternal validityIRB1-alpha

External validity: External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, or conditions. It reflects the ability of the study results to be applicable or relevant beyond the specific sample or context in which the study was conducted.

Back translation: Back translation is a technique used in cross-cultural research and translation of research instruments or surveys. It involves translating a target language (e.g., English) to a source language (e.g., Spanish) by one translator, and then translating it back to the target language by a different translator. The aim is to assess the accuracy and consistency of the translation and to ensure that the original meaning is preserved.

Internal validity: Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately identifies causal relationships or accurately measures what it intends to measure within the specific study design. It reflects the degree of confidence that can be placed in the cause-and-effect relationship or the accuracy of the measurement within the study.

IRB: IRB stands for Institutional Review Board. It is an administrative body responsible for reviewing and approving research involving human subjects. The primary role of an IRB is to ensure that research involving human participants is conducted ethically, with adequate consideration for the participants' rights, welfare, and safety.

1-alpha: In statistics, alpha (α) is the significance level used in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Therefore, 1-alpha refers to the confidence level or the level of certainty in accepting the null hypothesis. For example, if the alpha level is set at 0.05, then 1-alpha would be 0.95, indicating a 95% confidence level.