我导师我用柠檬酸钠辅助化学浴沉积方法制备了wo3和普鲁士蓝分别作为阴极和阳极制备了电致变色-储能双功能器件重点在于简易。低成本的柠檬酸钠辅助化学浴沉积方法制备大面积电致变色-储能器件请你为我的论文写一个1500词左右的英文的introduction

Introduction

In recent years, smart materials and devices have attracted much attention due to their unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Among them, electrochromic (EC) materials and devices have become a hot topic in the field of multifunctional materials and devices due to their reversible color change under an applied electric field, which makes them suitable for use in various applications such as smart windows, displays, and energy storage devices.

The most commonly used EC materials are inorganic oxides such as WO3, V2O5, and NiO. Among them, WO3 has gained much attention due to its excellent optical and electrochemical properties, including high transmittance modulation and fast switching speed. However, the high cost and complex synthesis process of WO3 have hindered its practical application in large-scale production of EC devices.

To overcome this problem, various methods have been developed to synthesize WO3 with low cost and simple process, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and chemical bath deposition (CBD) methods. Among them, CBD method has been widely used due to its simplicity, low cost, and suitability for large-scale production.

In this study, we used a new and simple method based on CBD, which is assisted by sodium citrate, to synthesize WO3 thin film for EC device applications. Sodium citrate is a commonly used chelating agent that can form stable complexes with metal ions and prevent their precipitation, which can improve the uniformity and stability of the deposited films.

Furthermore, in order to improve the energy storage capacity of the EC device, we also prepared a Prussian blue (PB) thin film as the anodic material. PB is a well-known electrochromic and electroactive material that has been widely used in various electrochemical devices due to its high stability, excellent electrochemical properties, and low cost.

The EC device based on the WO3/PB thin film was prepared and characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge-discharge measurements. The results showed that the WO3/PB device exhibited excellent electrochromic and energy storage properties, with a high optical contrast of 60% at 633 nm, a fast switching time of 2 s, and a specific capacitance of 167.2 F g-1.

The present work provides a simple and low-cost method for the large-scale production of EC devices with high performance. The WO3/PB device has potential applications in various fields such as smart windows, displays, and energy storage devices