Optical modulator plays an important role in optical signal modulation in optical fiber communication It is a device that regulates the absorption index refractive index phase or amplitude of output l

Optical modulators play a significant role in the modulation of optical signals in optical fiber communication systems. These devices regulate the absorption index, refractive index, phase, or amplitude of output light through the application of voltage or electric fields. While silicon-based electro-optical modulators are currently in use, they are limited in terms of their electro-optical characteristics, resulting in larger device sizes. Furthermore, integrating germanium with other compound semiconductor modulators on a silicon substrate is challenging, and their modulation spectral range is typically narrow. In contrast, graphene exhibits several advantages for light modulators due to its zero-bandgap capability, allowing it to absorb light over a broad frequency range, and its high mobility