In order to enhance the light-graphene interaction one can integrate the lateral p-n junction structure with a nano-slot waveguide112 a slow-light photonic-crystal waveguide113 a plasmonic waveguide11

To augment the interaction between light and graphene, one potential approach is to incorporate a lateral p-n junction structure with various waveguide technologies, including nano-slot waveguides, slow-light photonic-crystal waveguides, and plasmonic waveguides. Additionally, microring resonators can also be employed to further enhance this interaction. The utilization of these advanced waveguide structures has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and performance of light-graphene interactions in a variety of applications