On-chip mode-division multiplexing MDM as a promising method of scaling communication bandwidth has attracted tremendous attention due to potential applications in optical interconnects ranging from i

On-chip mode-division multiplexing (MDM) has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing communication bandwidth in various optical interconnect applications, including intra-chip and board-to-board communications. However, the implementation of MDM typically encounters signal degradation issues arising from crosstalk between spatial modes within multimode waveguide devices. As a result, mitigating crosstalk in MDM systems has become a critical research area in the pursuit of achieving high-performance communication networks