金属永磁体材料综述性论文3000字引用英文文献不少于十篇

Metallic Permanent Magnet Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract:

This paper provides a comprehensive review of metallic permanent magnet materials, including rare-earth magnets, ferrite magnets, and alloys. The history, properties, production, and applications of these materials are discussed, along with recent developments and future prospects. The paper also highlights the environmental concerns and potential alternatives to rare-earth magnets.

Introduction:

Permanent magnets are essential components in various modern technologies, such as electric motors, generators, and magnetic storage devices. Metallic permanent magnet materials are classified into two main categories: rare-earth magnets and non-rare-earth magnets. Rare-earth magnets are the strongest and most widely used permanent magnets, while non-rare-earth magnets include ferrite magnets and alloys. The demand for permanent magnets has increased significantly in recent years due to the growth of renewable energy and electric vehicles. However, the production of rare-earth magnets is associated with environmental concerns and geopolitical risks. Therefore, there is a need for alternative materials that can replace rare-earth magnets without compromising performance.

History of Permanent Magnet Materials:

The first permanent magnet material was lodestone, a naturally occurring magnetite mineral. In the 18th century, Alnico (aluminum-nickel-cobalt) magnets were developed, which were the strongest magnets available at the time. In the 1960s, rare-earth magnets were discovered, which had much higher magnetic properties than Alnico magnets. The first rare-earth magnet was samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnet, followed by neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnet in the 1980s. Ferrite magnets, also known as ceramic magnets, were developed in the 1950s and are still widely used today due to their low cost and good magnetic properties.

Rare-earth Magnets:

Rare-earth magnets are composed of rare-earth elements, such as neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium, along with iron and boron. NdFeB magnets are the most common type of rare-earth magnets due to their high magnetic properties, which are several times stronger than ferrite magnets. The production of rare-earth magnets involves several steps, including mining, refining, and processing. The production of rare-earth magnets is concentrated in China, which accounts for over 80% of the global production. The environmental impacts of rare-earth mining and processing have raised concerns, including water pollution, soil contamination, and radioactive waste. Therefore, research is ongoing to develop alternative materials that can replace rare-earth magnets.

Ferrite Magnets:

Ferrite magnets are composed of iron oxide and other materials, such as barium or strontium. Ferrite magnets are the most widely used type of permanent magnets due to their low cost, good magnetic properties, and high resistance to demagnetization. Ferrite magnets are used in various applications, such as speakers, motors, and magnetic separators. The production of ferrite magnets involves sintering, which is a high-temperature process that requires a large amount of energy. Therefore, research is ongoing to develop new methods for producing ferrite magnets that are more energy-efficient.

Alloy Magnets:

Alloy magnets are composed of various metallic elements, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and aluminum. Alloy magnets have a lower magnetic performance than rare-earth magnets but have better thermal stability and corrosion resistance. Alloy magnets are used in various applications, such as sensors, actuators, and magnetic bearings. The production of alloy magnets involves melting and casting, which can result in porosity and other defects. Therefore, research is ongoing to develop new methods for producing alloy magnets that have better properties and performance.

Conclusion:

Metallic permanent magnet materials are essential components in various modern technologies, and their demand is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. Rare-earth magnets are the strongest and most widely used permanent magnets but are associated with environmental concerns and geopolitical risks. Ferrite magnets are the most widely used type of permanent magnets due to their low cost and good magnetic properties. Alloy magnets have a lower magnetic performance than rare-earth magnets but have better thermal stability and corrosion resistance. Therefore, there is a need for alternative materials that can replace rare-earth magnets without compromising performance. Ongoing research is focusing on developing new methods for producing permanent magnets that are more energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective.

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