Live attenuated vaccine induces how many kinds of immuno responses

A live attenuated vaccine can induce multiple types of immune responses. These include:

1. Humoral immune response: Live attenuated vaccines can stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies can neutralize the pathogen, prevent its entry into host cells, and promote its elimination from the body.

2. Cellular immune response: Live attenuated vaccines can activate T cells, which can directly kill infected cells or help B cells produce antibodies. This response is particularly important for intracellular pathogens that reside inside host cells.

3. Memory immune response: Live attenuated vaccines can generate long-lasting memory immune responses. This means that if the vaccinated individual encounters the pathogen again in the future, their immune system can mount a rapid and effective response, preventing or reducing the severity of the infection.

4. Innate immune response: Live attenuated vaccines can also stimulate the innate immune system, which provides immediate defense against pathogens. This includes activation of immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells, as well as the production of cytokines and other immune molecules.

It is important to note that the specific immune responses induced by a live attenuated vaccine can vary depending on the vaccine formulation and the pathogen being targeted