Brief summary：Mitochondria Mitochondria are hubs for biosynthesis regulate signalling and gene expression and are implicated in tumour initiation and progression KRAS modulates the total mitochondrial

to ensure proper mitochondrial function and homeostasis53. Furthermore, KRAS*-driven tumour cells rely heavily on mitochondrial metabolism for energy production, as they exhibit increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect54. In summary, KRAS* plays a crucial role in modulating mitochondrial function, metabolism, and dynamics, which are essential for tumour growth and progression.