Furthermore some 2D materials are very transparent and conductive and thus can be used as high-efficiency heat conductors or transparent nano-heaters for realizing thermally tunableswitchable silicon

In addition, certain 2D materials possess both high transparency and conductivity, making them suitable for efficient heat conduction and as transparent nano-heaters in thermally adjustable or switchable silicon photonics devices. Particularly, the integration of 2D materials onto silicon photonic chips can be achieved through wet transfer techniques or imprint-transfer processes, without encountering lattice matching issues. Furthermore, the incorporation of 2D materials into silicon photonic devices minimizes mode mismatch between the active region containing the 2D materials and the passive region consisting of pure silicon waveguides. Consequently, the utilization of 2D materials in silicon photonics is increasingly appealing for various applications