Dynamic Efficiency Analysis Using Malmquist Index: A Comparative Study with CCR and BCC Models

Traditional DEA models like CCR (constant returns to scale) and BCC (variable returns to scale) offer a static snapshot of firm efficiency. To address the limitation of static analysis and capture the dynamic nature of efficiency, the Malmquist index method is employed. This method facilitates a comparative analysis of relative efficiency and reveals dynamic changes within the same decision-making unit across different time periods. The Malmquist index is calculated using the following formula: (Insert formula here).