What is the principle of DC-DC buck converter

The principle of a DC-DC buck converter is to step down or reduce the input voltage to a lower output voltage by using a switch such as a transistor. The switch is turned on and off at a high frequency by a control circuit, which controls the amount of time the switch is on and off. When the switch is on, the input voltage is applied to the load, and when the switch is off, the voltage is disconnected. The output voltage is determined by the duty cycle of the switch, which is the ratio of time the switch is on to the total time of the switching period. The buck converter is highly efficient as it reduces the voltage drop across the switch, minimizing power loss