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55.9% of women in the workplace hold a bachelor's degree or higher, which is significantly higher than the 33.6% of men who have the same level of education. Despite this, women are less likely to hold management positions at the junior level or above, with only 34.2% of women compared to 40.7% of men. This article explores the reasons why women still struggle to advance in their careers despite their higher levels of education.

The term "glass ceiling" was first used in 1986 to describe the invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing in their careers. These barriers are transparent, like a colorless glass ceiling, and can be found in various industries and countries. The glass ceiling effect refers to the artificial difficulty that prevents women from rising in the workplace, rather than a lack of ability or desire on their part.

One major cause of the glass ceiling effect is gender stereotypes. Men are often seen as aggressive and independent, while women are viewed as kind and helpful. Top managers are expected to be highly motivated and resilient, which are traits perceived as masculine. This bias means that female managers are often seen as lacking in leadership skills compared to their male counterparts, even if they have the same qualifications.

Another factor is the lack of support and guidance from senior women. Since most enterprises are still male-dominated, men are more likely to promote male employees who are similar to them, rather than give opportunities to female employees who are significantly different. This perpetuates the tradition of male executives and makes it difficult for women to break through.

Women also face personal obstacles to career advancement, such as low self-confidence and insufficient knowledge. Influenced by traditional gender roles, women may have lower expectations for their own development and fear success more than men. This can lead them to adhere to the expectations of others rather than pursue their own goals.

In conclusion, the glass ceiling effect is a complex issue with multiple causes. Addressing gender stereotypes, increasing support for women in the workplace, and promoting self-confidence and knowledge can help women break through these barriers and advance in their careers