The full text of the Kyoto Protocol in EnglishBosselman Eisen et al Energy Economics and the Environment 2006 selections from Chapter 16 The Rio Plus 5 a special session of the UN General Assembly fiv

with economies in transition (EITs), whose base year is 1990 or an earlier year. The Protocol also established three flexible market mechanisms to assist Annex I Parties in meeting their emission reduction targets: emissions trading, joint implementation, and the clean development mechanism. The Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, and currently has 192 parties, including the European Union as a single party. The United States signed the Protocol in 1998 but never ratified it, and in 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the U.S. would not participate in the Protocol. Despite the U.S. not being a party to the Protocol, it remains a significant international agreement in the effort to address global climate change