Petroleum coke basic knowledge summary English terminologyPetroleum Coke GlossaryAAnode grade cokeA grade of pet coke from a delayed coker see same low in metals such as vanadium nickel and iron that

and volatile matter in the coke. The calcined coke then exits the kiln at the lower end and is cooled before being stored or transported.DDelayed cokerA refining process that converts residual oil into lighter products such as gasoline, diesel, and petroleum coke. The process involves heating the residual oil to high temperatures and pressures in a furnace, then transferring it to a coke drum where the heavy components solidify and are removed as petroleum coke. Delayed coking is a batch process and typically produces high quality anode grade coke.EExtractionA refining process that separates crude oil into its different components based on their boiling points. The process involves heating the crude oil and separating it into fractions such as naphtha, gasoline, diesel, and residual oil. Petroleum coke is produced from the residual oil fraction.FFuel grade cokeA grade of pet coke from a delayed coker (see same) that is not suitable for making anodes and is used as fuel in industrial processes. Fuel grade coke is generally higher in metals and sulfur than anode grade coke.GGreen cokePetroleum coke that has not been processed in a calciner (see same) and is used as a fuel in industrial processes. Green coke is also known as raw coke (see same).HHard groove indexA measure of the resistance of a coke to grinding. The higher the hard groove index, the harder the coke and the more difficult it is to grind. Anode grade coke typically has a lower hard groove index than fuel grade coke.IISOThe International Organization for Standardization, a non-governmental organization that develops and publishes international standards for various industries, including petroleum coke. ISO standards provide a common language and guidelines for quality, safety, and environmental performance.JJet fuel cokeA grade of petroleum coke produced from the residual oil fraction of jet fuel. Jet fuel coke is typically low in sulfur and metals and is used as fuel in industrial processes.KKilnA furnace or oven used to process materials at high temperatures. In the petroleum coke industry, a kiln is used to calcine (see same) green or calcineable coke (see each) to remove moisture and volatile matter.LLow sulfur cokePetroleum coke that has a low sulfur content, typically less than 1%. Low sulfur coke is in high demand due to its lower environmental impact.MMetalsThe impurities in petroleum coke that can affect its quality and suitability for different applications. The most common metals in coke are vanadium, nickel, and iron. Anode grade coke is low in metals, while fuel grade coke can have higher levels.NNeedle cokeA specialty grade of petroleum coke that is used in the production of graphite electrodes for the steel and aluminum industries. Needle coke is characterized by its high crystallinity and low sulfur content, which make it ideal for high-performance applications.OOxygen contentThe amount of oxygen in petroleum coke, which can affect its combustion properties. Oxygen content is typically measured as a percentage of the coke's weight.PPetroleum cokeA solid carbon material produced from the residual oil fraction of crude oil. Petroleum coke is typically used as a fuel in industrial processes, but can also be used to produce graphite electrodes and other high-value products.QQuality specificationsThe characteristics that define the quality of petroleum coke, such as its sulfur content, metals content, and hard groove index. Quality specifications vary depending on the intended use of the coke.RResidual oilThe heavy, low-value fraction of crude oil that remains after the lighter fractions such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel have been removed. Residual oil is typically used as a feedstock for producing petroleum coke and other heavy products.SShot cokeA type of petroleum coke that is formed during the coking process when the coke drum is emptied too quickly, causing the coke to break apart into small, irregularly shaped pieces. Shot coke is generally considered a lower quality coke and is not suitable for making anodes.TTitanium dioxideA white pigment used in a variety of applications, including paints, coatings, plastics, and paper. Calcined petroleum coke is used as a source of carbon for the production of titanium dioxide.UUpgradingA refining process that improves the quality of crude oil by removing impurities and converting heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. Upgrading processes include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and coking.VVanadiumA metal commonly found in petroleum coke that can affect its quality and suitability for different applications. Vanadium can cause the coke to become brittle and can also contribute to air pollution when the coke is burned as a fuel.WWaxy oilA type of crude oil that contains a high proportion of paraffinic hydrocarbons, which can solidify at low temperatures. Waxy crude oil is typically more difficult to process than other types of crude oil and can produce lower quality petroleum coke.XX-ray fluorescence (XRF)A technique used to measure the elemental composition of materials, including petroleum coke. XRF works by bombarding a sample with X-rays and measuring the energy of the resulting fluorescence to determine the elements present in the sample.YYYieldThe amount of petroleum coke produced from a given amount of crude oil. Yield is typically expressed as a percentage.ZZZero fuel sulfurThe sulfur content of petroleum coke when burned as a fuel, typically measured in parts per million (ppm). Zero fuel sulfur is a key environmental performance metric for industrial processes that use petroleum coke as a fuel