such as loss of anode and cathode active materials and wastage of lithium-ion stock

In addition, the manufacturing and disposal of lithium-ion batteries can have negative environmental impacts, including the release of toxic chemicals and greenhouse gases. The extraction and processing of the materials used in lithium-ion batteries, such as lithium and cobalt, can also have social and environmental consequences, including human rights abuses and deforestation. Therefore, while lithium-ion batteries have many benefits, it is important to consider their environmental and social impacts throughout their lifecycle and to explore alternative battery technologies that may be more sustainable