Please help me translate the following into EnglishKeep the reference notes：脊柱作为人体中轴肩负着传导载荷、运动以及保护脊髓和马尾神经的重要作用因创伤、退变、肿瘤等引发的脊柱疾患其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势。脊柱手术是一项具有挑战性的手术因为它们技术复杂且靠近重要器官例如脊髓、神经和主动脉 1 。因此对脊柱手术的需求更高 2

As the axis of the human body, the spine plays an important role in transmitting loads, movement, and protecting the spinal cord and cauda equina. The incidence of spinal diseases caused by trauma, degeneration, tumors, and other factors is increasing year by year. Spinal surgery is a challenging operation due to its technical complexity and proximity to important organs such as the spinal cord, nerves, and aorta. Therefore, the demand for spinal surgery is increasing, and the number of spinal surgeries performed each year is also increasing. The preference for minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) is also on the rise. Compared with open spinal surgery, MISS can reduce trauma to the surrounding tissues, blood loss, postoperative pain, and hospitalization time, resulting in better efficacy and lower overall cost. However, during MISS, surgeons heavily rely on image guidance, intraoperative 2D fluoroscopy or navigation to plan and place surgical hardware such as pedicle screws.

Image-guided surgery (IGS), also known as computer-aided surgery, is a navigation technology widely used in minimally invasive orthopedic surgery worldwide. In recent years, advanced surgical guidance systems at home and abroad have guided doctors to analyze the disease, find the lesion site, design the surgical plan, track surgical instruments, and guide the surgical process through image processing of medical imaging data, improving the accuracy of surgical operations, simplifying surgical steps, shortening surgical time, and effectively reducing the occurrence of radiation exposure and surgical complications. However, the navigation information in ordinary image guidance systems depends on the surgeon's visual spatial skills, that is, the ability to convert intraoperative 2D images into 3D anatomical structures. Surgeons must constantly switch focus between the screen and the surgical site, making it difficult to determine the correct direction and position of the tool, surgical target, and anatomical structure, leading to a significant decrease in surgical efficiency and accuracy. The use of intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT) imaging can also produce potentially harmful ionizing radiation and increase surgical registration time for patients.

In recent years, augmented reality (AR) technology has made great progress and is now being implemented in MISS. AR is a technology that projects computer-generated virtual images into the user's real environment. In surgery, doctors can directly see the surgical area through dedicated devices, allowing additional anatomical information from graphic visual elements to be fused with the real environment, overlaying virtual images with real-time location data of surgical instruments as guidance for surgeons. AR technology can be applied in a variety of minimally invasive surgeries, including MISS. After image processing and 3D reconstruction of CT images, the reconstructed 3D model is overlaid with the real surgical site during surgery. The doctor can see the real shape of the patient's spine and make surgical judgments and operations, greatly reducing the patient's pain, reducing the difficulty of surgery, and improving the success rate of surgery. AR technology gives doctors a "perspective eye" and solves the inherent defects of the surgical navigation system. Increasing evidence shows that the use of AR in pedicle screw placement can improve surgical accuracy, improve clinical outcomes, and may reduce the radiation exposure required for navigation. The use of AR in spinal surgery has been shown to limit radiation exposure to 70% or more