Briefly explain the following terms and explain their historical significance to the Portuguese EmpireMegalithic artViriatusInfançõesMozarabsPrestor John‘Neo-Reconquest’CartazNau do tratoJesuitsIberia

Megalithic art refers to the prehistoric art found in megalithic structures, such as stone circles and dolmens. Its historical significance to the Portuguese Empire is mainly archaeological, as it provides insight into the early cultural history of the region.

Viriatus was a Lusitanian warrior and leader who resisted Roman conquest in the 2nd century BC. He is considered a national hero in Portugal and a symbol of resistance against foreign domination.

Infanções were medieval Portuguese peasant soldiers who played a crucial role in the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. They were granted land in exchange for military service and played a significant role in the consolidation of the Portuguese monarchy.

Mozarabs were Christians who lived under Muslim rule in medieval Spain and Portugal. They maintained their Christian faith and culture, but were influenced by Islamic culture and language, resulting in a unique blend of the two.

Prestor John was a legendary Christian king believed to rule a kingdom somewhere in the East. Portuguese explorers sought to find him and establish an alliance against the Muslims during the Age of Discovery.

‘Neo-Reconquest’ refers to the Portuguese colonial expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries, which aimed to spread Christianity and establish control over new territories. It was seen as a continuation of the Reconquista.

Cartaz was a system of maritime trade permits used by the Portuguese Empire to control trade in the Indian Ocean. It required all ships to pay a fee and obtain a permit, and was used to limit the influence of other European powers in the region.

Nau do trato was a type of Portuguese ship used for trade in the Indian Ocean. It was designed to carry large quantities of goods and played a significant role in the Portuguese economic expansion in the region.

Jesuits were a Catholic religious order known for their missionary work and education. They played a significant role in the spread of Christianity and European culture in the Portuguese Empire, particularly in Brazil and India.

Iberian Union was a political union between Portugal and Spain from 1580 to 1640. It was a time of relative stability and prosperity for the Portuguese Empire, but also led to increased Spanish influence and control.

Minas Gerais was a gold-mining region in colonial Brazil. Its discovery in the 18th century led to a significant increase in the Portuguese Empire's wealth and power.

Marquis of Pombal was a powerful statesman who served as Prime Minister of Portugal in the 18th century. He implemented significant reforms and modernization measures, but also faced criticism for his authoritarianism.

Age of Revolutions refers to a period of political upheaval and change in Europe and the Americas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It had a significant impact on the Portuguese Empire, particularly in Brazil and Portugal.

The ‘Maria da Fonte’ Rebellion was a popular uprising in Portugal in 1846, named after its leader, Maria da Fonte. It was a response to political corruption and economic hardship, and led to significant political reforms.

João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was a colonial administrator in Macau in the mid-19th century. He implemented significant reforms and modernization measures, but was assassinated in 1849.

The Regeneração was a period of political and social reform in Portugal from 1851 to 1868. It aimed to modernize and strengthen the Portuguese state, and had a significant impact on the Portuguese Empire.

Luís Menezes Bragança was a figurehead monarch who briefly served as King of Portugal in 1958. His reign was marked by political instability and the decline of the Portuguese Empire.

António de Oliveira Salazar was a dictator who served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. His regime was marked by authoritarianism and isolationism, and had a significant impact on the Portuguese Empire.

NATO is a military alliance formed in 1949, of which Portugal is a member. It played a significant role in maintaining the security of the Portuguese Empire during the Cold War.

António de Spínola was a military officer who served as President of Portugal in the mid-1970s. He attempted to modernize and democratize the country, but faced opposition from conservative forces and ultimately resigned in 1974