Regarding this point, our recent study on worker bees has confirmed it, and it is also well reflected in this study. We found that exposure to imidacloprid significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, the expression of Trx and Gpx genes, and the content of GSH in the larvae's body (Figure 5B and 5C). These results indicate that the antioxidant system in the developing larvae has been established and is used to resist oxidative stress caused by imidacloprid, just like in adult worker bees. It is worth noting that compared to our recent study on adult worker bees, the larvae in this study exhibited stronger antioxidant activity under higher concentrations of imidacloprid toxicity. The underlying mechanisms require further investigation


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