If academic journals are only approved by a small sized board how do we know which journals are valid and the theories and data are reliable How many of the academic papers are useless or just similar

Academic journals go through a rigorous peer-review process, which involves several experts in the field reviewing the research paper before it is published. This helps ensure that the research is valid, reliable, and contributes to the existing body of knowledge. Additionally, the reputation of the journal plays a role in determining its validity, as prestigious journals are more likely to have a higher standard for the research they publish.

It is difficult to estimate the percentage of useless papers in academia, as it depends on various factors such as the field, the quality of the research, and the criteria for usefulness. However, it is not uncommon for researchers to publish multiple papers on similar topics, as they may approach the research question from different angles or use different methods. As a result, there may be some overlap in the content of these papers. Nonetheless, even if a paper does not contribute significant new insights, it may still have value in confirming or challenging existing theories or methods