The electrostrictive performance of 15R ceramics has good thermal stability and Spos can be maintained at 81 at 125℃ The texture process can promote polarization flipping thereby bringing higher polar

The thermal stability of 1.5R ceramics' electrostrictive performance is good, with Spos maintained at 81% even at 125℃. The texture process promotes polarization flipping, resulting in higher polarization and electrostrictive performance. This suggests that textured ceramics may also exhibit good thermal stability in terms of electrostrictive performance. The S-E bipolar strain curve of 1.5T ceramics at different temperatures shows similar trends to 1.5R ceramics, with Spos, Sneg, and S-E bipolar strain curve changing with temperature. However, the change in Spos of 1.5T ceramics is more significant, with a range of about 0.09% to 0.13% as the temperature rises, and a temperature stability of 98% compared to room temperature near 125℃. The improved temperature stability and temperature dependence of Spos of 1.5T ceramics can be attributed to the texture process inducing easier polarization flipping. The increase in FMs content due to the texture process results in greatly improved Pmax and Pr. As the temperature field acts, more FMs decompose into RFNs, resulting in a rapid decrease in Pr before Pmax decreases significantly. This leads to an improvement in electrostrictive performance, with the effect of grain orientation resulting in a more noticeable increase in Spos.