If ZU is the probability that an individual survives to age u for all time tif bu is the birth rate of an individual during her uth period of age for alltime t and if r is a solution to翻译
如果Z（U）是一个人在所有时间t内存活到年龄u的概率， 如果b（u）是一个人在其年龄期间的出生率，对于所有时间t， 并且如果r是以下方程的解：
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