润色The ubiquitous existence of pharmaceutical compounds and residues is an alarming environmental issue as pharmaceuticals are frequently employed for therapeutic applications in both humans and animal

Furthermore, tetracycline is known to cause several adverse effects on environmental and human health such as the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and disruption of aquatic ecosystems (Balakrishnan et al., 2022a; Sharma et al., 2022).

Various treatment methods have been developed to remove tetracycline from aqueous streams, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical methods such as adsorption, filtration, and membrane separation are effective in removing tetracycline but may require high energy consumption and may not be cost-effective for large-scale applications. Chemical methods such as oxidation and reduction are effective in degrading tetracycline but may produce harmful by-products and require careful handling. Biological methods such as biodegradation and bioremediation have shown promising results in the removal of tetracycline but may require longer treatment times and may not be effective for higher concentrations (Balakrishnan et al., 2022c; Sharma et al., 2022).

Overall, the treatment of tetracycline in aqueous streams is a significant environmental challenge that requires immediate attention. A combination of different treatment methods may be necessary to achieve maximum removal efficiency while minimizing environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. Further research and development of new treatment technologies are necessary to address this issue and ensure the sustainability of water resources.