Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Management by Objectives MBO a Goal setting b Employee empowerment c Performance measurement d Hierarchical decision-making

b. Employee empowerment is NOT a key characteristic of Management by Objectives (MBO). MBO is a goal-setting and performance-measurement approach that involves setting specific objectives and goals for employees to achieve, measuring their progress toward those goals, and rewarding them accordingly. Hierarchical decision-making may be involved in the MBO process, but it is not a key characteristic of the approach. Employee empowerment, on the other hand, refers to giving employees more autonomy and decision-making power in their work, which is not necessarily a key feature of MBO.