python functools

The functools module in Python provides functions that are used for higher-order functions, such as decorators, partial functions, and reducing functions.

Some of the commonly used functions in the functools module are:

1. partial() - This function allows us to create a new function by fixing some of the arguments of an existing function. We can use this function to create a new function that has some of the arguments pre-set.

2. reduce() - This function is used to apply a function to a sequence of elements, reducing them to a single value.

3. wraps() - This function is used to preserve the metadata of a function when used as a decorator.

4. lru_cache() - This function is used to cache the results of a function, so that if the function is called again with the same arguments, the cached result can be returned instead of re-computing the function.

5. singledispatch() - This function is used to create a generic function that can handle different types of inputs differently.

Overall, the functools module is useful for creating more flexible and reusable code, especially when working with functions that take other functions as arguments.