There is no denying that most pathogenic bacterium like Escherichia coli E coli and Staphylococcus aureus S aureus are threatening people’s health Once the water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria

There is no denying that pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), pose a serious threat to human health. Ingesting water contaminated with these bacteria can lead to infectious diseases, acute allergies, and even dangerous toxic reactions [1]. Recently, membrane separation technology has become a popular area of research for effectively and sustainably purifying water polluted with pathogenic bacteria with low energy consumption [2]. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a promising organic polymer membrane that is used for water pollution purification due to its excellent chemical resistance, durability, and high mechanical strength [3]. However, PVDF membranes are highly susceptible to biofouling during water pollution purification, which can negatively impact reject rate, flux recovery rate, and lifespan, and inevitably lead to increased operation costs [4]. Additionally, trapped bacteria can reproduce and form biofilms [5]. Physical/chemical cleaning [6] and ultrasound [7] are commonly used to eliminate biofouling, but these methods are cumbersome and can cause membrane damage and cavitation control [9]. Furthermore, they cannot completely sterilize the trapped bacteria [8]. Currently, researchers are focusing on using photocatalysis to eliminate biofouling [10]. Photocatalysts generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with strong oxidizing ability, which can sterilize and even mineralize pathogenic bacteria in situ [11]. Therefore, introducing photocatalysis into membrane separation is a simple and effective method for eliminating biofouling [12][13].