Tm3+, acting as a sensitizer, enables this system to be directly pumped by commercial LDs operating at 781 or 785 nm. Furthermore, the two-for-one cross-relaxation mechanism of Tm3+ provides high pump quantum efficiency. The upper laser level of Ho3+ is populated following a quick energy transfer from Tm3+, leading to laser action.

Tm3+ Sensitized Ho3+ Laser System: Enhanced Pump Efficiency and Direct Pumping by Commercial LDs

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