Compared with the conventional metal heating electrode this structure further improves the heating efficiency as graphene does not require an intermediate SiO2 isolation layer which has lower losses a

In comparison to traditional metal heating electrodes, the present structure offers improved heating efficiency. This is due to the utilization of graphene, which eliminates the need for an intermediate SiO2 isolation layer. As a result of this, the structure exhibits lower losses and prevents the mismatch of the mode field. However, its optical bandwidth is limited by the resonance effect and the insertion loss of the device requires further reduction.