Graphene has a super high thermal conductivity and can achieve effective thermo-optical modulation On the one hand graphene can be used as a good transparent thermal conductor to transfer the heat gen

Graphene possesses exceptional thermal conductivity and can effectively modulate thermo-optical responses. The material can serve as an excellent transparent thermal conductor for transferring heat generated by metal to silicon-based optical devices, thereby facilitating wavelength tuning. However, a portion of the heat dissipates during the transfer process, leading to a relatively low thermal tuning efficacy in this structure. Alternatively, graphene can function as a micro and nano-heater, enabling the direct conversion of electric current into heat to improve heat utilization efficiency and achieve thermal tuning. This approach is illustrated in Figure 5.10(a)