改写 The ubiquitous existence of pharmaceutical compounds and residuesis an alarming environmental issue as pharmaceuticals are frequentlyemployed for therapeutic applications in both humans and animals

The widespread presence of pharmaceutical compounds and residues is a concerning environmental issue, as these substances are frequently utilized for therapeutic purposes in both humans and animals. Antibiotics, in particular, are widely used therapeutics and are considered highly persistent contaminants with significant environmental implications when present in aqueous systems (Ben et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2019; Sanganyado and Gwenzi, 2019). Commonly used pharmaceutical products include ibuprofen, metformin, tetracycline, and acetylsalicylic acid, among others (Balakrishnan et al., 2022b). Of these, the treatment of tetracycline is especially critical due to its extensive use in human therapy, agriculture, and animal husbandry (see Fig. 1) (Sharma et al., 2022). Tetracycline can enter water sources through various pathways and contaminate water streams. Prompt action must be taken to treat tetracycline before other pharmaceuticals, as it does not have multiple applications like other pollutants.